Arterial stiffness can occur early in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology

Table 1 Characteristics of all studied participants

Variables	COPD (GOLD 1 or 2) (n = 80)	Healthy controls (n = 80)	P value
Age, years	59.1 ± 6.9	61.7 ± 6.3	0.18
Sex			0.79
Male	73 (91.25%)	71 (88.75%)
Female	7 (8.75%)	9 (11.25%)
Smoking			1.00
Current	6 (7.5%)	5 (6.25%)
Ex-smoker	74 (92.5%)	75 (93.75%)
Body mass index, kg/m²	23.7 ± 3.6	24.6 ± 4.2	0.15
Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL	187.4 ± 36.5	179.2 ± 31.9	0.13
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	121.9 ± 36.8	112.5 ± 29.9	0.08
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	49.9 ± 13.1	48.0 ± 12.2	0.34
Triglycerides, mg/dL	129.4 ± 27.1	127.8 ± 37.6	0.76
FVC % of predicted	83.3 ± 12.4	86.9 ± 9.6	0.04*
FEV₁ % of predicted	69.6 ± 15.8	84.5 ± 9.9	< 0.001**
FEV₁/FVC	65.7 ± 3.12	78.6 ± 6.76	< 0.001**
mMRC dyspnea scale	1 (1–3)	0 (0–1)	< 0.001**
6 min walk distance, m	425 ± 60	530 ± 80	< 0.001**
BODE index	2 (0–5)	0 (0–1)	< 0.001**

Values are presented as mean ± SD, median (range), or number (%) unless otherwise specified. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GOLD 1 or 2 mild or moderate COPD, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, BODE; body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, mMRC Modified Medical Research Council
*Significant, **highly significant