Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Children with CAP n = 80 (%) | Controls n = 80 (%) | Total n = 160 | x2 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age range (years) | |||||
Infants < 1 | 37 (46.2) | 31 (38.8) | 68 | 0.921 | 0.337 |
≥ 1 to < 5 | 29 (36.2) | 34 (42.5) | 63 | 0.655 | 0.418 |
≥ 5 | 14 (17.6) | 15 (18.8) | 29 | 0.042 | 0.837 |
Gender | |||||
Male | 48 (60.0) | 45 (56.3) | 93 | 0.231 | 0.631 |
Female | 32 (40.0) | 35 (44.7) | 67 | ||
SES | |||||
Upper | 13 (16.2) | 27 (33.8) | 40 | 6.533 | 0.011 |
Middle | 32 (40.0) | 31 (38.8) | 63 | 0.026 | 0.871 |
Low | 35 (43.8) | 22 (27.4) | 57 | 4.606 | 0.032 |
Crowded homes | |||||
Yes | 25 (31.2) | 16 (20.0) | 41 | 2.673 | 0.102 |
No | 55 (68.8) | 64 (80.0) | 119 | ||
Exclusively breastfed | |||||
Yes | 46 (57.5) | 53 (66.2) | 99 | 1.298 | 0.255 |
No | 34 (42.5) | 27 (33.8) | 61 | ||
Nutritional status | |||||
Normal | 54 (67.5) | 65 (81.2) | 119 | 3.968 | 0.046 |
Undernourished | 23 (28.8) | 2 (2.4) | 25 | 23.999 | < 0.001* |
Overweight/obese | 3 (3.8) | 13 (16.3) | 16 | 7.433 | 0.006 |
Indoor air pollution | |||||
Yes | 57 (71.2) | 50 (62.5) | 107 | 1.312 | 0.240 |
No | 23 (28.8) | 30 (37.5) | 53 | ||
Immunisation status | |||||
Appropriate | 58 (72.5) | 71 (88.8) | 129 | 6.762 | 0.009 |
Not appropriate | 22 (27.5) | 9 (11.2) | 31 | ||
Serum vitamin D status | |||||
Normal | 47 (58.8) | 73 (91.2) | 120 | 22.563 | < 0.001 |
Insufficient | 13 (16.2) | 5 (6.2) | 18 | 4.006 | 0.045 |
Deficient | 20 (25.0) | 2 (2.5) | 22 | 17.075 | 0.001* |