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Table 3 Factors associated with suboptimal vitamin D levels in children with pneumonia

From: Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total antioxidant capacity and pneumonia incidence, severity and outcome in Nigerian children

Variables

Suboptimal vitamin D

n = 33 (%)

Normal vitamin D

n = 47 (%)

x2

p value

Age range (years)

Infants < 1

16 (48.5)

21 (44.7)

0.113

0.737

  ≥ 1 to < 5

12 (36.4)

17 (36.2)

1.630

0.202

  ≥ 5

5 (15.2)

9 (19.1)

0.215

0.643

Gender

  Male

20 (60.6)

28 (59.6)

0.009

0.926

  Female

13 (39.4)

19 (40.4)

  

SES

  Upper

3 (9.1)

10 (21.3)

2.115

0.146

  Middle

10 (30.3)

22 (46.8)

2.201

0.138

  Low

20 (60.6)

15 (31.9)

6.485

0.011

Crowded homes

  Yes

9 (27.3)

16 (34.0)

0.414

0.520

  No

24 (72.7)

31 (66.0)

  

Exclusively breastfed

  Yes

20 (60.6)

26 (55.3)

0.222

0.638

  No

13 (39.4)

21 (44.7)

  

Nutritional status

  Normal

21 (63.6)

33 (70.2)

0.001

0.984

  Undernourished

9 (27.3)

14 (39.8)

0.060

0.807

  Overweight/obese

3 (9.1)

0 (0.0)

NA

NA

Indoor air pollution

  Yes

26 (78.8)

31 (66.0)

1.558

0.212

  No

7 (21.2)

16 (34.0)

  

Immunisation status

  Appropriate

24 (72.7)

31 (66.0)

0.413

0.520

  Not appropriate

9 (27.3)

16 (34.0)

  

Pneumonia severity

  Severe

30 (90.9)

33 (70.2)

4.962

0.026*

  Non-severe

3 (9.1)

14 (29.8)

  

Parapneumonic effusions

  Yes

4 (12.1)

7 (14.9)

0.126

0.723

  No

29 (87.9)

40 (85.1)

  

LOH (Mean (SD) days)

5.6 (3.5)

5.7 (3.5)

0.251

0.803^

  1. Figures in parentheses are percentages of the total along each column
  2. SES socio-economic status, NA not applicable, LOH length of hospital stay
  3. *Fischer’s exact test applied;
  4. ^ t test applied