The role of infectious pathogens in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Dakahlia Governorate

The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology

Table 4 Isolated bacteria in association to sociodemographic data among the studied cases

Parameter		Total	No growth/normal flora, n (%), 51 (51)	Bacterial growth, n (%), 49 (49)	Significance (p value)
Age mean (± SD)			62.6 ± 8.5	62.5 ± 7.6	0.547^d
Sex, n (%)	Male	98	50 (51)	48 (49)	1^b
Sex, n (%)	Female	2	1 (50)	1 (50)
Occupation, n (%)	Non-risky	64	30 (46.9)	34 (53.1)	.271^a
Occupation, n (%)	Risky	36	21 (58.3)	15 (41.7)
Residence, n (%)	Urban	62	31 (50)	31 (50)	.798^a
Residence, n (%)	Rural	38	20 (52.6)	18 (47.4)
Smoking, n (%)	Current smokers	46	21 (45.7)	25 (54.3)	R
	Ex-smokers	44	25 (56.8)	19 (43.2)	0.289^a
	Nonsmokers	10	2 (20)	8 (80)	0.569^a
Smoking index (pack-year), n (%)	Median	Median	40	45	.085^c
	Range	< 40	15 (32.6)	11 (25)
		40–60	18 (39.1)	17 (38.6)
		> 60	13 (28.3)	16 (36.4)

Risky occupations considered as risk factor for COPD, e.g., cafe workers, bakers, carpenters, agriculture workers, painters, diesel workers, and welding workers
R reference class
^aChi-square
^bFisher’s exact
^cMann-Whitney
^dT test