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The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology
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Sleep quality in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt

The Egyptian Journal of Bronchology volumeĀ 15, ArticleĀ number:Ā 1 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes changes in sleep quality with accompanied nocturnal drops in oxygen saturation leading to cardiac dysrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and more arousal. However, this sleep disturbance is an aspect of COPD that is still under evaluation. Therefore, this work is designed to detect sleep quality with type and frequency of sleep-related breathing disorders in stable COPD patients.

Results

This is a cross-sectional study that included 60 stable COPD patients. Full night polysomnographies were performed to all patients with assessment of their sleep quality and presence of sleep-disordered breathing. The studied patients were classified into two groups: group I (COPD with good sleep quality) and group II (COPD with poor sleep quality). The results revealed that the more severe the COPD degree, the worse the sleep quality parameters represented by sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and arousal index with a significant statistical difference (Pā€‰<ā€‰0.05). Furthermore, a highly significant statistical difference was noticed regarding time spent in REM sleep among poor sleep quality patients with different grades of severity (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.003). Additionally, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome was the most frequent sleep-disordered breathing (65%), followed by nocturnal oxygen desaturation (17%) among poor quality sleeper.

Conclusion

Abnormal sleep quality is more common in moderate and severe COPD patients. Obstructive sleep apnea is the most frequent sleep-related breathing disorders among COPD patients. Increased BMI%, higher Berlin scores, and lower values of PaO2 and FOSQ-10 scores are strong predictors of poor sleep quality among COPD patients.

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious global health problem [1]. Different studies proposed that more than 75% of patients with COPD may have nocturnal symptoms and sleep disturbances in the form of prolonged sleep latency, arousals, and frequent insomnias [2], resulting in decrease in patientā€™s activity during daytime associated with more severe disease and frequent exacerbations [3].

In COPD, the pathogenesis of sleep disorders appears to be a complex and multifactorial process, which may be a consequence of one or more of the following: physiological changes associated with sleep, disturbance in gas exchanges, and/or COPD medications [4].

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is considered a serious disorder represented by repeated nocturnal events of partial or complete cessation of breathing [5].

Patients with both OSA and COPD are considered to have the overlap syndrome (OVS) [6]. Both are associated with similar common pathophysiology, such as hypoxia and systemic inflammation, that contribute to cardiovascular and other comorbidities, particularly pulmonary hypertension which is highly prevalent in those patients [7]. OVS had more profound nocturnal and daytime hypoxemia and hypercapnia than patients with COPD or OSA alone [8]. Moreover, both were associated with poor outcome, including high mortality [6]. Unfortunately, sleep-disordered breathing symptoms are an aspect of COPD that is considerably neglected by many physicians leading to negative impact on treatment efforts for COPD patients [2].

Therefore, this work is designed to detect sleep quality with type and frequency of sleep-related breathing disorders in stable COPD patients.

Methods

Study design and setting

This cross-sectional study was carried out at a Sleep-Disordered Breathing unit (SDB) of Chest Department and Out-patient Clinic, Zagazig University Hospitals, during the period from February till August 2016.

Patients

This study included 60 stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with different degrees of severity as assessed by spirometry according to GOLD [9]. They were 42 males and 18 females with mean age of 58.46 Ā± 7.87ā€‰years.

All patients fulfilling the criteria of stable COPD with different degrees of severity were included [9], while the following conditions were excluded: COPD in exacerbations [9], or under mechanical ventilation or receiving non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, obstructive airway diseases rather than COPD, e.g., asthma or bronchiectasis. COPD patients with uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, uncontrolled diabetes, neuromuscular disease, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), left-sided heart failure, chronic renal failure, chronic liver cell failure, thyrotoxicosis, malignancy, psychiatric diseases, addiction and alcohol intake, or obesity hypoventilation syndrome were excluded. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zagazig Faculty of Medicine. An informed written consent was collected from all participants.

Methods

All patients were subjected to the following:

  1. 1.

    Full meticulous medical history taking stressing on: associated comorbidities, history of drug intake and special habits (e.g., smoking, alcohol intake), and sleep-disordered breathing symptoms that were assessed by the following: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) questionnaire [10], Berlin questionnaire [11], and functional outcome of sleep questionnaire (FOSQ-10 short version) [12].

  2. 2.

    General and local chest examination, stressing on recording neck circumference, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) (weight in kg/height m2) [13].

  3. 3.

    Plain chest x-ray (postero-anterior and lateral views).

  4. 4.

    Pulmonary function tests (PFT)

  5. 5.

    Laboratory investigations: complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests (LFTs), kidney function tests (KFTs), random blood sugar (RBS), thyroid function tests (TSH, Free T3, and Free T4), and arterial blood gas analysis (ABGs): after awaking and during day time.

  6. 6.

    Electrocardiography (ECG).

  7. 7.

    COPD assessment test (CAT) [14] and the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale for assessment of dyspnea level [9].

  8. 8.

    Full-night polysomnographic sleep study (PSG): It was done using SOMNO screenā„¢ plus (Germany) to all patients.

  1. A.

    The following respiratory disorders were reviewed:

  • Apneas and hypopneas with recording the presence of obstructive, central, or mixed events.

  • Apnea hypopnea index (AHI) which is classified as follows: normal (AHI < 5), mild sleep apnea (AHI 5ā€“14), moderate sleep apnea (AHI 15ā€“29), and severe sleep apnea (AHI ā‰„ 30) [15].

  • Respiratory effort-related arousal (RERA), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and arousals

  • Cheyne-Stokes breathing

  1. B.

    Detecting oxygen desaturation index (sum of all desaturations, minimal and baseline oxygen saturation)

  2. C.

    Snoring Index

  3. D.

    Assessment of sleep quality according to the following parameters: sleep latency, duration, efficiency, fragmentation, and the hypnogram. Accordingly, good sleep quality is defined as: sufficient duration > 7ā€‰h/night, high sleep efficiency > 85%, low sleep fragmentation < 25, and normal hypnogram [16].

Statistical analysis

Data were imported into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0) software for analysis. According to the type of data, qualitative was presented as number and percentage and quantitative continuous group was presented by mean Ā± SD; the following tests were used to test differences for significance. Differences between frequencies (qualitative variables) and percentages in groups were compared by Chi-square test. Differences between parametric quantitative independent groupsĀ were compared by t test, while differences between non-parametric data were compared by Mann-Whitney test, however multipleĀ parametric groups were compared by ANOVA test, andĀ multiple non-parametricĀ groups were compared by Kruskal-WallisĀ test. Correlation between groups was carried out by Pearsonā€™s correlation. The results were considered significant if P value < 0.05 was detected.

Results

This study included 60 stable COPD patients with different grades of severity. All patients underwent PSG study. According to their sleep quality, they were classified into two groups: group I )20 COPD patients with good sleep quality) and group II (40 COPD patients with poor sleep quality). Both studied groups were matched regarding age and sex with non-significant statistical difference (Pā€‰>ā€‰0.05). However, there is a highly significant statistical increase in smoking habit in poor sleep quality group II than those of group I (Pā€‰<ā€‰0.01) (TableĀ 1).

Table 1 Demographic data of the studied patients
Full size table

TableĀ 2 shows that COPD patients with poor sleep quality had a lower total sleep time and sleep efficiency (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.00), but a more prolonged sleep latency (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.004) and a higher arousal index (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.00) when compared to COPD patients with good sleep quality.

Table 2 Comparison between both groups regarding total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and arousal index
Full size table

TableĀ 3 illustrates that among poor sleep quality COPD patients, the more severe the COPD degree, the worse the sleep quality parameters including sleep latency (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.009), sleep efficiency (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.007), and arousal index (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.02), but not the total sleep time (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.09).

Table 3 Sleep parameters among poor sleep quality COPD patients with different grades of severity
Full size table

TableĀ 4 shows that the more the severity of COPD, the less the time spent in REM sleep (pā€‰=ā€‰0.003) among patients with poor sleep quality.

Table 4 Sleep stages among poor sleep quality COPD patients with different grades of severity
Full size table

Various types of sleep-disordered breathing were observed among COPD patients with poor sleep quality in which OSAHS is the most frequent sleep-disordered breathing (65%), followed by nocturnal oxygen desaturation (17%) (TableĀ 5).

Table 5 Sleep-related breathing disorders in COPD patients with poor sleep quality
Full size table

Our results revealed a significant positive correlation between sleep efficiency and FEV1, accompanied with highly significant negative correlation between sleep efficiency and BMI and a significant negative correlation between sleep efficiency and mMRC dyspnea scale (Figs.Ā 1, 2, and 3) with P value < 0.01, < 0.001, and < 0.05 respectively, as seen in TableĀ 6.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Correlation between sleep efficiency and BMI among studied COPD patients

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Correlation between sleep efficiency and FEV1 among studied COPD patients

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Fig. 3
figure 3

Correlation between sleep efficiency and mMRC dyspnea scale among studied COPD patients

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Table 6 Correlation between sleep efficiency and BMI, FEV1, and mMRC dyspnea scale among all studied COPD patients
Full size table

TableĀ 7 shows multiple regression analysis used to assess predictors of poor sleep quality in COPD patients. It isolates four significant independent predictors: increased BMI and Berlin score, decrease in ā†“PaO2 and ā†“FOSQ-10 score (Pā€‰=ā€‰0.04, Pā€‰=ā€‰0.008, Pā€‰=ā€‰0.01, Pā€‰=ā€‰0.000) respectively. Values were estimated in logistic regression by ROC curve as PH < 7.39, Epworth SS > 9.8, FOSQ-10 Q < 13.2, Berlin Q > 1, BMI > 26.5, PaO2 < 86.2, PaCO2 > 45.5 and FEV1 < 80% according to GOLD [9].

Table 7 Logistic regression analysis for predictors of poor sleep quality in COPD patients
Full size table

Discussion

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at risk of insomnia and difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep. This sleep fragmentation and poor sleep quality had an important impact on their quality of life and health outcome measures [17]. Therefore, this work was designed to detect the frequency of sleep-related breathing disorders in COPD patients and its impact on sleep quality in such patients. In this study, stable COPD patients were included and classified into: group I (20 COPD patients with good sleep quality) and group II (40 COPD patients with poor sleep quality) patient.

In the current study, both groups were matched regarding age and sex (TableĀ 1). In contrast to these results, Akerstedt et al. [18] reported that sleep quality was affected by gender difference and age. This may be due to their study being carried out on patients with extremes of age while our study was conducted on elderly patients: their mean age was 58.46 Ā± 7.87ā€‰years only. Besides, a significant statistical difference between group I and group II was observed as regard smoking habit. These results signified that there were other factors that add further burden on sleep quality like smoking as a special habit independent from the pathophysiology of the COPD itself. Cohrs et al. [19] and Liao et al. [20] strongly supported that smoking negatively affect sleep. Preliminary data suggested that cigarette smoking was associated with poor sleep quality in the form of impairment in subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, and habitual sleep efficiency, with frequent sleep disturbances. Moreover the physiological desire for additional nicotine during sleep may cause smokers to awaken, leading to insomnia. Furthermore, nicotine causes the release of nitric oxide which relaxes the pharyngeal smooth muscles and reduces muscular tone and activity [21] with increasing the risk for snoring and obstructive sleep [20].

Regarding sleep parameters (TableĀ 2), our results were in harmony with Mcsharry et al. [17] who concluded an impaired sleep quality among COPD patients with total sleep time = 272.5 Ā± 86.6ā€‰min, sleep latency = 36.8 Ā± 33.9ā€‰min, sleep efficiency = 66 Ā± 17%, and arousal index = 16.2 Ā± 14.1/h with REM stage 12.7 Ā± 8.3ā€‰min. Also, Krachman et al. [22] and Azuma et al. [23] reported lower values of sleep efficiency and total sleep time among such patients after performing polysomnographic sleep studies.

Concordantly, Adetiloye et al. [24], who assessed sleep quality in COPD patients after using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), had noticed that the overall sleep quality is poor with the median sleep latency was 30ā€‰min, 33% having median total sleep time of less than 5ā€‰h; 90% of the studied patients had < 85% sleep efficiency, 41.7% reporting sleep efficiency of < 65%.

This sleep fragmentation is attributed to the aggravating common nocturnal symptoms of cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, or wheezing that are related to COPD. However, lying flat per se impairs pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange resulting in more hypoxemia, which is likely a stronger stimulus for arousals, as it induces neural injury that elicits cortical activation with neurotransmitter-modulated reflex for arousal aiming to correct the situation [24].

In the current study, it was obvious that the more COPD severity, the more worsening of sleep quality (TablesĀ 3 and 4). Similar results were noticed by Chang et al. [25] and Vogelmeier et al .[26], who concluded that COPD patients with more symptoms (group B or group D; mMRC ā‰„ 2 or CAT ā‰„ 10) had a higher percentage of sleep disturbance; its causes are multifactorial, including increase in respiratory symptoms, oxygen desaturation, presence of OSA, psychiatric disorders, and medication-related insomnia like oral steroids, inhaled steroids, beta agonists, and theophylline.

This signified how COPD and its consequences, comorbidities, and complications affect sleep pattern of these patients. The combination of alveolar hypoventilation and ventilationā€“perfusion mismatch occurs mostly in the form of severe episodes during REM sleep. Besides, during REM sleep, the diaphragm and intercostal muscle activities were decreased, that proceed to reduced tidal volume and reduced minute ventilation. This progressed into frequent arousals, disturbed REM sleep with decreased sleep time, and more changes in sleep stages [27]. Additionally, Sanders et al. [28] reported that if poor sleep quality was detected with mild COPD patients which is less to occur, there would be an underlying cause for this sleep disturbance rather than COPD itself.

It was obvious from the current results that OSAHS is the most frequent sleep-disordered breathing (65%), followed by nocturnal oxygen desaturation (17%) (TableĀ 5). These results were close to that of Abdel Maabood et al. [29] who stated that OSAHS and nocturnal oxygen desaturation were common in COPD patients with prevalence 76% and 24% respectively. Also, Povitz et al. [30] and Copur et al. [31] found that the prevalence of OSA in COPD patients in their studies were 69% and 77% respectively.

This certify how sleep in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with oxygen desaturation, and the coexistence of COPD and obstructive sleep apnea (overlap syndrome) is very common. Overlap patients have worse sleep-related hypoxemia and hypercapnia than patients with COPD or OSA alone, as oxygen desaturation during sleep is more pronounced when the two conditions coexist. This causes more subjectively and objectively impaired sleep quality [32].

Besides, a significant positive correlation between sleep efficiency and FEV1 were observed, accompanied with highly significant negative correlation between sleep efficiency and BMI and a significant negative correlation between sleep efficiency and mMRC dyspnea scale (TableĀ 6). This signifies that FEV1 and BMI highly contributed in determining sleep quality in COPD patient. Similar results were obtained by Chen et al. [33]. Additionally, In et al. [34] and Abd El-Fattah et al. [35] found negative correlation between PSQI and FEV1% and FVC. However, Scharf et al. [36] found unremarkable difference regarding the relationship between FEV1% and sleep quality (PSQI) this controversy may be due to a limited group of their studied patients performed polysomnographic sleep study, so the objective determination of the prevalence of sleep breathing disorders is not presented.

After performing multiple regression analysis to assess predictors of poor sleep quality in COPD patients, it isolated four significant independent predictive parameters: increased BMI and Berlin score, decrease in PaO2 and FOSQ-10 score (TableĀ 7). In agreement with the current results, Krachman et al. [22] noticed that decrease in PaO2 only was deemed as an independent predictor for poor sleep quality, while Mcsharry et al. [17] identified that both the increase in BMI and the decrease in PaO2 were considered independent predictors in those patients. On the other side, a group of studies had more or less different results; Chang et al. [25] proposed that CAT score was an independent factor for poor sleep quality in such patients; additionally, Ulfathinah et al. [37] demonstrated that patients with moderate to severe dyspnea were 2.28 times more likely to suffer from poor sleep quality.

Abd El-Fattah et al. [35] confirmed that there is strong association between poor sleep quality and physical limitation, COPD exacerbation, anxiety, depression, and poor health-related quality of life after using a group of subjective questionnaires for its assessment, and lastly, Shah et al. [38] noticed that presence of restless legs and obstructive sleep apnea symptoms, waist circumference, predicted diffusion capacity, and HADS anxiety and depression scores were identified as independent predictors of poor sleep quality.

This study had the following limitations. First, not all precipitating factors involved in disturbed sleep quality were evaluated (e.g., depression and anxiety). Second, small number of studied patients. Third, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was not used in this study which is more sensitive in evaluating sleep quality.

Finally, we recommend involving sleep quality assessment in the risk categorization and management of different stages of stable COPD patients. Also, further studies were suggested to find out the impact of depression, anxiety, and comorbidities on sleep quality in COPD patients and their effect on quality of life.

Conclusions

Abnormal sleep quality is common in COPD patients with different grades of severity mostly in moderate and severe cases. Obstructive sleep apnea is the most frequent sleep-related breathing disorders among COPD patients followed by nocturnal O2 desaturation, nocturnal hypoventilation, and central sleep apnea. Increased BMI %, lower values of PaO2, higher Berlin scores, and lower FOSQ-10 scores are strong predictors of poor sleep quality among COPD patients.

Availability of data and materials

Data used are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

REM:

Rapid eye movement

OSAHS:

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

OVS:

Overlap syndrome

ESS:

Epworth sleepiness scale

FOSQ-10 short version:

Functional outcome of sleep questionnaire

CVA:

Cerebrovascular accident

BMI:

Body mass index

CSAHS:

Central sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

mMRC:

Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale

PSG:

Full-night polysomnographic sleep study

AHI:

Apnea Hypopnea Index

FEV1 :

Forced expiratory volume at first second

PaO2 :

Partial arterial oxygen pressure

PaCO2 :

Partial arterial carbon dioxide pressure

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Adel H. A. Ghoneim,Ā Mohamed S. El-GammalĀ &Ā Doaa M. Gad

  2. Hehia Central Hospital, Hehia, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

    Yasmeen R. Ahmed

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  1. Adel H. A. Ghoneim
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  2. Mohamed S. El-Gammal
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  3. Yasmeen R. Ahmed
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  4. Doaa M. Gad
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Contributions

AG and ME participated in performing study design and coordination. DG and YA contributed in patient selection and acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data. Preparation of the draft was carried out by DG. The manuscript was substantially revised by AG, ME, and DG. All contributing authors have read and approved the final manuscript file.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Doaa M. Gad.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zagazig Faculty of Medicine. The committeeā€™s reference number is not applicable. An informed written consent was collected from all participants.

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Consent for publication was obtained from all contributors.

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Ghoneim, A.H.A., El-Gammal, M.S., Ahmed, Y.R. et al. Sleep quality in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt. Egypt J Bronchol 15, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43168-020-00044-9

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